
Gestational diabetes mellitus is a group of disorders whose common denominator is the manifestation during pregnancy. Pathogenetically different types can be distinguished: yet unknown MODY diabetes, undetected partial lipodystrophy, immunological disorders as observed with type 1 diabetes, pancreatic hypoplasia, mitochondrial disorders, disturbances of glucose metabolism and membrane potential regulation that cross the threshold only during pregnancy.
| 1. | Neel JV et al. (1998) Type II diabetes, essential hypertension, and obesity as "syndromes of impaired genetic homeostasis": the "thrifty genotype" hypothesis enters the 21st century.   | 
| 2. | None (1962) Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"?   | 
| 3. | None (2003) Glucokinase (GCK) mutations in hyper- and hypoglycemia: maturity-onset diabetes of the young, permanent neonatal diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia of infancy.   | 
| 4. | Thornton PS et al. (1998) Familial hyperinsulinism with apparent autosomal dominant inheritance: clinical and genetic differences from the autosomal recessive variant.   | 
| 5. | Tosi R et al. (1978) Immunological dissection of human Ia molecules.   | 
| 6. | Duquesnoy RJ et al. (1979) Identification of an HLA-DR-associated system of B-cell alloantigens.   | 
| 7. | Todd JA et al. (1990) The A3 allele of the HLA-DQA1 locus is associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Japanese.   | 
| 8. | Helmuth R et al. (1990) HLA-DQ alpha allele and genotype frequencies in various human populations, determined by using enzymatic amplification and oligonucleotide probes.   | 
| 9. | Briata P et al. (1989) Alternative splicing of HLA-DQB transcripts and secretion of HLA-DQ beta-chain proteins: allelic polymorphism in splicing and polyadenylylation sites.   | 
| 10. | Del Pozzo G et al. (1989) Mummy DNA fragment identified.   | 
| 11. | Kwok WW et al. (1989) Mutational analysis of the HLA-DQ3.2 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus susceptibility gene.   | 
| 12. | Gyllensten UB et al. (1988) Generation of single-stranded DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and its application to direct sequencing of the HLA-DQA locus.   | 
| 13. | Todd JA et al. () HLA-DQ beta gene contributes to susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.   | 
| 14. | Okada K et al. (1985) Gene organization of DC and DX subregions of the human major histocompatibility complex.   | 
| 15. | Moriuchi J et al. (1985) Nucleotide sequence of an HLA-DQ alpha chain derived from a DRw9 cell line: genetic and evolutionary implications.   | 
| 16. | None () Molecular cloning of Ancient Egyptian mummy DNA.   | 
| 17. | Nadler LM et al. (1981) Monoclonal antibody identifies a new Ia-like (p29,34) polymorphic system linked to the HLA-D/DR region.   | 
| 18. | None (1981) Role of MHC gene products in immune regulation.   | 
| 19. | Corte G et al. (1981) Human Ia molecules carrying DC1 determinants differ in both alpha- and beta-subunits from Ia molecules carrying DR determinants.   | 
| 20. | Sorrentino R et al. (1983) Microfingerprinting analysis of human Ia molecules favours a three loci model.   | 
| 21. | Cohen D et al. (1984) Class II HLA-DC beta-chain DNA restriction fragments differentiate among HLA-DR2 individuals in insulin-dependent diabetes and multiple sclerosis.   | 
| 22. | Schenning L et al. (1984) Both alpha and beta chains of HLA-DC class II histocompatibility antigens display extensive polymorphism in their amino-terminal domains.   | 
| 23. | Bono MR et al. (1982) Direct evidence of homology between human DC-1 antigen and murine I-A molecules.   | 
| 24. | Hsu SH et al. (1981) Genetic control of major histocompatibility complex-linked immune responses to synthetic polypeptides in man.   | 
| 25. | Auffray C et al. (1982) cDNA clone for the heavy chain of the human B cell alloantigen DC1: strong sequence homology to the HLA-DR heavy chain.   | 
| 26. | Tanigaki N et al. (1980) Molecular identification of human Ia antigens coded for by a gene locus closely linked to HLA-DR locus.   | 
| 27. | Accolla RS et al. (1981) Distinct forms of both alpha and beta subunits are present in the human Ia molecular pool.   | 
| 28. | Shackelford DA et al. (1981) Human B-cell alloantigens DC1, MT1, and LB12 are identical to each other but distinct from the HLA-DR antigen.   | 
| 29. | Meyer CG et al. (1994) HLA-D alleles associated with generalized disease, localized disease, and putative immunity in Onchocerca volvulus infection.   | 
| 30. | Suzuki Y et al. (1996) Evidence for genetic regulation of susceptibility to toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients.   | 
| 31. | Nabozny GH et. al. (1996) HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice are highly susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis: a novel model for human polyarthritis.   | 
| 32. | Bradley DS et. al. (1997) HLA-DQB1 polymorphism determines incidence, onset, and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in transgenic mice. Implications in human rheumatoid arthritis.   | 
| 34. | Wen L et al. (2000) In vivo evidence for the contribution of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ molecules to the development of diabetes.   | 
| 35. | Lambert NC et al. (2000) Cutting edge: persistent fetal microchimerism in T lymphocytes is associated with HLA-DQA1*0501: implications in autoimmunity.   | 
| 36. | Cucca F et al. (2001) A correlation between the relative predisposition of MHC class II alleles to type 1 diabetes and the structure of their proteins.   | 
| 37. | Kim CY et al. (2004) Structural basis for HLA-DQ2-mediated presentation of gluten epitopes in celiac disease.   | 
| 38. | Hovhannisyan Z et al. (2008) The role of HLA-DQ8 beta57 polymorphism in the anti-gluten T-cell response in coeliac disease.   | 
| 39. | Stanescu HC et al. (2011) Risk HLA-DQA1 and PLA(2)R1 alleles in idiopathic membranous nephropathy.   | 
| 40. | Cao H et al. (2000) Nuclear lamin A/C R482Q mutation in canadian kindreds with Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy.   | 
| 41. | Shackleton S et al. (2000) LMNA, encoding lamin A/C, is mutated in partial lipodystrophy.   | 
| 43. | Garg A et al. (2001) Phenotypic heterogeneity in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (dunnigan variety) related to the site of missense mutations in lamin a/c gene.   | 
| 44. | Schmidt HH et al. (2001) Dyslipemia in familial partial lipodystrophy caused by an R482W mutation in the LMNA gene.   | 
| 45. | Vigouroux C et al. (2001) Nuclear envelope disorganization in fibroblasts from lipodystrophic patients with heterozygous R482Q/W mutations in the lamin A/C gene.   | 
| 47. | Vigouroux C et al. (2003) LMNA mutations in atypical Werner's syndrome.   | 
| 48. | Lanktree M et al. (2007) Novel LMNA mutations seen in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy subtype 2 (FPLD2; MIM 151660).   | 
| 49. | Njølstad PR et al. (2001) Neonatal diabetes mellitus due to complete glucokinase deficiency.   | 
| 50. | Köbberling J et al. (1975) Lipodystrophy of the extremities. A dominantly inherited syndrome associated with lipatrophic diabetes.   | 
| 51. | Davidson MB et al. (1975) Metabolic studies in familial partial lipodystrophy of the lower trunk and extremities.   | 
| 52. | Stoffel M et al. (1992) Missense glucokinase mutation in maturity-onset diabetes of the young and mutation screening in late-onset diabetes.   | 
| 53. | Hattersley AT et al. (1992) Linkage of type 2 diabetes to the glucokinase gene.   | 
| 54. | Velho G et al. (1992) Primary pancreatic beta-cell secretory defect caused by mutations in glucokinase gene in kindreds of maturity onset diabetes of the young.   | 
| 55. | Katagiri H et al. (1992) Nonsense mutation of glucokinase gene in late-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.   | 
| 56. | Permutt MA et al. (1992) Glucokinase and NIDDM. A candidate gene that paid off.   | 
| 57. | Stoffel M et al. (1992) Human glucokinase gene: isolation, characterization, and identification of two missense mutations linked to early-onset non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus.   | 
| 58. | Froguel P et al. (1992) Close linkage of glucokinase locus on chromosome 7p to early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.   | 
| 59. | Vionnet N et al. (1992) Nonsense mutation in the glucokinase gene causes early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.   | 
| 60. | Matsutani A et al. (1992) A polymorphic (CA)n repeat element maps the human glucokinase gene (GCK) to chromosome 7p.   | 
| 61. | Mishra SK et al. (1992) A 2-cM genetic linkage map of human chromosome 7p that includes 47 loci.   | 
| 62. | Tanizawa Y et al. (1991) Human liver glucokinase gene: cloning and sequence determination of two alternatively spliced cDNAs.   | 
| 63. | None (1990) Glucokinase as glucose sensor and metabolic signal generator in pancreatic beta-cells and hepatocytes.   | 
| 64. | Reardon W et al. (1990) Partial lipodystrophy syndromes--a further male case.   | 
| 65. | None (1988) Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease.   | 
| 66. | Burn J et al. (1986) Partial lipoatrophy with insulin resistant diabetes and hyperlipidaemia (Dunnigan syndrome).   | 
| 67. | Köbberling J et al. (1986) Familial partial lipodystrophy: two types of an X linked dominant syndrome, lethal in the hemizygous state.   | 
| 68. | Dunnigan MG et al. (1974) Familial lipoatrophic diabetes with dominant transmission. A new syndrome.   | 
| 69. | Greene ML et al. (1970) Benign symmetric lipomatosis (Launois-Bensaude adenolipomatosis) with gout and hyperlipoproteinemia.   | 
| 70. | Wettke-Schäfer R et al. (1983) X-linked dominant inherited diseases with lethality in hemizygous males.   | 
| 71. | Robbins DC et al. (1982) Familial partial lipodystrophy: complications of obesity in the non-obese?   | 
| 72. | Grupe A et al. (1995) Transgenic knockouts reveal a critical requirement for pancreatic beta cell glucokinase in maintaining glucose homeostasis.   | 
| 73. | Rowe RE et al. (1995) Linkage and association between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) susceptibility and markers near the glucokinase gene on chromosome 7.   | 
| 74. | Bali D et al. (1995) Animal model for maturity-onset diabetes of the young generated by disruption of the mouse glucokinase gene.   | 
| 75. | Froguel P et al. (1993) Non-sense mutation of glucokinase gene.   | 
| 76. | Chiu KC et al. (1993) Non-sense mutation of glucokinase gene.   | 
| 77. | Byrne MM et al. (1994) Insulin secretory abnormalities in subjects with hyperglycemia due to glucokinase mutations.   | 
| 78. | Matschinsky F et al. (1993) Glucokinase as pancreatic beta cell glucose sensor and diabetes gene.   | 
| 79. | Sun F et al. (1993) Deletion of the donor splice site of intron 4 in the glucokinase gene causes maturity-onset diabetes of the young.   | 
| 80. | None (1993) Glucokinase and candidate genes for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.   | 
| 81. | Froguel P et al. (1993) Familial hyperglycemia due to mutations in glucokinase. Definition of a subtype of diabetes mellitus.   | 
| 82. | Stoffel M et al. (1993) Identification of glucokinase mutations in subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus.   | 
| 83. | Stone LM et al. (1996) A variation at position -30 of the beta-cell glucokinase gene promoter is associated with reduced beta-cell function in middle-aged Japanese-American men.   | 
| 84. | Heimberg H et al. (1996) The glucose sensor protein glucokinase is expressed in glucagon-producing alpha-cells.   | 
| 85. | Velho G et al. (1996) Impaired hepatic glycogen synthesis in glucokinase-deficient (MODY-2) subjects.   | 
| 86. | Aizawa T et al. (1996) Analysis of the pancreatic beta cell in the mouse with targeted disruption of the pancreatic beta cell-specific glucokinase gene.   | 
| 87. | Velho G et al. (1997) Identification of 14 new glucokinase mutations and description of the clinical profile of 42 MODY-2 families.   | 
| 88. | Jackson SN et al. (1997) Dunnigan-Kobberling syndrome: an autosomal dominant form of partial lipodystrophy.   | 
| 89. | Glaser B et al. (1998) Familial hyperinsulinism caused by an activating glucokinase mutation.   | 
| 90. | Peters JM et al. (1998) Localization of the gene for familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety) to chromosome 1q21-22.   | 
| 91. | Dunger DB et al. (1998) Association of the INS VNTR with size at birth. ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood.   | 
| 92. | None (1998) Weighing in on diabetes risk.   | 
| 93. | Hattersley AT et al. (1998) Mutations in the glucokinase gene of the fetus result in reduced birth weight.   | 
| 94. | Jackson SN et al. (1998) A defect in the regional deposition of adipose tissue (partial lipodystrophy) is encoded by a gene at chromosome 1q.   | 
| 95. | Garg A et al. (1999) Adipose tissue distribution pattern in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety).   | 
| 96. | Anderson JL et al. (1999) Confirmation of linkage of hereditary partial lipodystrophy to chromosome 1q21-22.   | 
| 97. | None (2000) Gender differences in the prevalence of metabolic complications in familial partial lipodystrophy (Dunnigan variety).   | 
| 98. | None (2001) Premature atherosclerosis associated with monogenic insulin resistance.   | 
| 99. | Christesen HB et al. (2002) The second activating glucokinase mutation (A456V): implications for glucose homeostasis and diabetes therapy.   | 
| 100. | Datta SR et al. (2002) Survival factor-mediated BAD phosphorylation raises the mitochondrial threshold for apoptosis.   | 
| 101. | Grimsby J et al. (2003) Allosteric activators of glucokinase: potential role in diabetes therapy.   | 
| 102. | Danial NN et al. (2003) BAD and glucokinase reside in a mitochondrial complex that integrates glycolysis and apoptosis.   | 
| 103. | Gloyn AL et al. (2003) Insights into the biochemical and genetic basis of glucokinase activation from naturally occurring hypoglycemia mutations.   | 
| 104. | None (2004) Acquired and inherited lipodystrophies.   | 
| 105. | Inoue M et al. (2004) A series of maturity onset diabetes of the young, type 2 (MODY2) mouse models generated by a large-scale ENU mutagenesis program.   | 
| 106. | März W et al. (2004) G(-30)A polymorphism in the pancreatic promoter of the glucokinase gene associated with angiographic coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.   | 
| 107. | Cuesta-Muñoz AL et al. (2004) Severe persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia due to a de novo glucokinase mutation.   | 
| 108. | Johansen A et al. (2005) Half of clinically defined maturity-onset diabetes of the young patients in Denmark do not have mutations in HNF4A, GCK, and TCF1.   | 
| 109. | Vits L et al. (2006) Identification of novel and recurrent glucokinase mutations in Belgian and Luxembourg maturity onset diabetes of the young patients.   | 
| 110. | Terauchi Y et al. (2007) Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for compensatory beta cell hyperplasia in response to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance.   | 
| 111. | Pinterova D et al. (2007) Six novel mutations in the GCK gene in MODY patients.   | 
| 112. | Spuler S et al. (2007) Muscle and nerve pathology in Dunnigan familial partial lipodystrophy.   | 
| 113. | Vantyghem MC et al. (2008) Fertility and obstetrical complications in women with LMNA-related familial partial lipodystrophy.   | 
| 114. | Araújo-Vilar D et al. (2009) Site-dependent differences in both prelamin A and adipogenic genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with type 2 familial partial lipodystrophy.   | 
| 115. | Kassem S et al. (2010) Large islets, beta-cell proliferation, and a glucokinase mutation.   | 
| 116. | None (1946) Lipodystrophy and hepatomegaly, with diabetes, lipaemia, and other metabolic disturbances; a case throwing new light on the action of insulin.   | 
| 117. | Shen Y et al. (2011) Insight into the biochemical characteristics of a novel glucokinase gene mutation.   | 
| 118. | Hofmeister-Brix A et al. (2013) Identification of the ubiquitin-like domain of midnolin as a new glucokinase interaction partner.   | 
| 119. | Nair AV et al. (2012) Loss of insulin-induced activation of TRPM6 magnesium channels results in impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy.   | 
| 120. | OMIM.ORG articleOmim 146880   | 
| 121. | Wikipedia articleWikipedia EN (Gestational_diabetes)   |