Disturbances of cytochrome p450 system

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Shet MS et al. (1993) Human cytochrome P450 3A4: enzymatic properties of a purified recombinant fusion protein containing NADPH-P450 reductase.

Chen H et al. (1996) Increased risk for myelodysplastic syndromes in individuals with glutathione transferase theta 1 (GSTT1) gene defect.

Lown KS et al. (1997) Grapefruit juice increases felodipine oral availability in humans by decreasing intestinal CYP3A protein expression.

Thummel KE et al. (1998) In vitro and in vivo drug interactions involving human CYP3A.

Rebbeck TR et al. (1998) Modification of clinical presentation of prostate tumors by a novel genetic variant in CYP3A4.

Lehmann JM et al. (1998) The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions.

Felix CA et al. (1998) Association of CYP3A4 genotype with treatment-related leukemia.

Paris PL et al. (1999) Association between a CYP3A4 genetic variant and clinical presentation in African-American prostate cancer patients.

Goodwin B et al. (1999) The orphan human pregnane X receptor mediates the transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 by rifampicin through a distal enhancer module.

Walker AH et al. (1998) Characterization of an allelic variant in the nifedipine-specific element of CYP3A4: ethnic distribution and implications for prostate cancer risk. Mutations in brief no. 191. Online.

Xie W et al. (2000) Humanized xenobiotic response in mice expressing nuclear receptor SXR.

Kittles RA et al. (2002) CYP3A4-V and prostate cancer in African Americans: causal or confounding association because of population stratification?

Goodwin B et al. (2002) Transcriptional regulation of the human CYP3A4 gene by the constitutive androstane receptor.

Zeigler-Johnson CM et al. (2002) Ethnic differences in the frequency of prostate cancer susceptibility alleles at SRD5A2 and CYP3A4.

Tirona RG et al. (2003) The orphan nuclear receptor HNF4alpha determines PXR- and CAR-mediated xenobiotic induction of CYP3A4.

Dimaraki EV et al. (2003) Troglitazone induces CYP3A4 activity leading to falsely abnormal dexamethasone suppression test.

Masuyama H et al. (2003) Expression and potential roles of pregnane X receptor in endometrial cancer.

Markowitz JS et al. (2003) Effect of St John's wort on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme.

Loukola A et al. (2004) Comprehensive evaluation of the association between prostate cancer and genotypes/haplotypes in CYP17A1, CYP3A4, and SRD5A2.

Gupta RP et al. (2004) CYP3A4 is a human microsomal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase.

Williams PA et al. (2004) Crystal structures of human cytochrome P450 3A4 bound to metyrapone and progesterone.

Hirota T et al. (2004) Allelic expression imbalance of the human CYP3A4 gene and individual phenotypic status.

Gupta RP et al. (2005) CYP3A4 is a vitamin D-24- and 25-hydroxylase: analysis of structure function by site-directed mutagenesis.

Schirmer M et al. (2006) Genetic signature consistent with selection against the CYP3A4*1B allele in non-African populations.

Ekroos M et al. (2006) Structural basis for ligand promiscuity in cytochrome P450 3A4.

van Herwaarden AE et al. (2007) Knockout of cytochrome P450 3A yields new mouse models for understanding xenobiotic metabolism.

Liou YH et al. (2006) The high prevalence of the poor and ultrarapid metabolite alleles of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5 in Taiwanese population.

Nebert DW et al. (1987) The P450 gene superfamily: recommended nomenclature.

Daly AK et al. (1996) Nomenclature for human CYP2D6 alleles.

Idle JR et al. (2000) Medical implications of HGP's sequence of chromosome 22.

Nakamura K et al. (2002) CYP2D6.10 present in human liver microsomes shows low catalytic activity and thermal stability.

Nelson DR et al. (2004) Comparison of cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes from the mouse and human genomes, including nomenclature recommendations for genes, pseudogenes and alternative-splice variants.

Gasche Y et al. (2004) Codeine intoxication associated with ultrarapid CYP2D6 metabolism.

Gaedigk A et al. (1991) Deletion of the entire cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 gene as a cause of impaired drug metabolism in poor metabolizers of the debrisoquine/sparteine polymorphism.

Koren G et al. (2006) Pharmacogenetics of morphine poisoning in a breastfed neonate of a codeine-prescribed mother.

Desmeules J et al. (1991) Impact of environmental and genetic factors on codeine analgesia.

Gough AC et al. (1990) Identification of the primary gene defect at the cytochrome P450 CYP2D locus.

Hanioka N et al. (1990) The human CYP2D locus associated with a common genetic defect in drug oxidation: a G1934----A base change in intron 3 of a mutant CYP2D6 allele results in an aberrant 3' splice recognition site.

Kagimoto M et al. (1990) Multiple mutations of the human cytochrome P450IID6 gene (CYP2D6) in poor metabolizers of debrisoquine. Study of the functional significance of individual mutations by expression of chimeric genes.

Chen X et al. (1995) The CYP2D6B allele is associated with a milder synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease.

Johansson I et al. (1993) Inherited amplification of an active gene in the cytochrome P450 CYP2D locus as a cause of ultrarapid metabolism of debrisoquine.

Panserat S et al. (1994) DNA haplotype-dependent differences in the amino acid sequence of debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6): evidence for two major allozymes in extensive metabolisers.

Saxena R et al. (1994) Identification of a new variant CYP2D6 allele with a single base deletion in exon 3 and its association with the poor metabolizer phenotype.

Broly F et al. (1995) A nonsense mutation in the cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 gene identified in a Caucasian with an enzyme deficiency.

Steen VM et al. (1995) Homologous unequal cross-over involving a 2.8 kb direct repeat as a mechanism for the generation of allelic variants of human cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 gene.

Marez D et al. (1997) Polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 gene in a European population: characterization of 48 mutations and 53 alleles, their frequencies and evolution.

Yue QY et al. (1997) Quantification of the O- and N-demethylated and the glucuronidated metabolites of codeine relative to the debrisoquine metabolic ratio in urine in ultrarapid, rapid, and poor debrisoquine hydroxylators.

Vistisen K et al. (1992) Foreign compound metabolism capacity in man measured from metabolites of dietary caffeine.

Ikeya K et al. (1989) Human CYP1A2: sequence, gene structure, comparison with the mouse and rat orthologous gene, and differences in liver 1A2 mRNA expression.

Butler MA et al. (1989) Human cytochrome P-450PA (P-450IA2), the phenacetin O-deethylase, is primarily responsible for the hepatic 3-demethylation of caffeine and N-oxidation of carcinogenic arylamines.

Sesardic D et al. (1988) A form of cytochrome P450 in man, orthologous to form d in the rat, catalyses the O-deethylation of phenacetin and is inducible by cigarette smoking.

Guengerich FP et al. (1986) Human-liver cytochromes P-450 involved in polymorphisms of drug oxidation.

None (1967) Acetophenetidin sensitivity.

Devonshire HW et al. (1983) The contribution of genetically determined oxidation status to inter-individual variation in phenacetin disposition.

Shimada T et al. (1994) Interindividual variations in human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic chemicals: studies with liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians.

Schweikl H et al. (1993) Expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 genes in human liver.

Liang HC et al. (1996) Cyp1a2(-/-) null mutant mice develop normally but show deficient drug metabolism.

Buters JT et al. (1996) Role of CYP1A2 in caffeine pharmacokinetics and metabolism: studies using mice deficient in CYP1A2.

Nakajima M et al. (1999) Genetic polymorphism in the 5'-flanking region of human CYP1A2 gene: effect on the CYP1A2 inducibility in humans.

Sachse C et al. (1999) Functional significance of a C-->A polymorphism in intron 1 of the cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 gene tested with caffeine.

Tantcheva-Poór I et al. (1999) Estimation of cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 activity in 863 healthy Caucasians using a saliva-based caffeine test.

Christiansen L et al. (2000) Association between CYP1A2 polymorphism and susceptibility to porphyria cutanea tarda.

Rasmussen BB et al. (2002) The interindividual differences in the 3-demthylation of caffeine alias CYP1A2 is determined by both genetic and environmental factors.

Wooding SP et al. (2002) DNA sequence variation in a 3.7-kb noncoding sequence 5' of the CYP1A2 gene: implications for human population history and natural selection.

Browning SL et al. (2010) CYP1A2 is more variable than previously thought: a genomic biography of the gene behind the human drug-metabolizing enzyme.

Lessard E et al. (1997) Role of CYP2D6 in the N-hydroxylation of procainamide.

Lessard E et al. (1999) Involvement of CYP2D6 activity in the N-oxidation of procainamide in man.

Tucker GT et al. (1977) Polymorphic hydroxylation of debrisoquine.

Heim MH et al. (1992) Evolution of a highly polymorphic human cytochrome P450 gene cluster: CYP2D6.

Heim M et al. (1990) Genotyping of poor metabolisers of debrisoquine by allele-specific PCR amplification.

Kimura S et al. (1989) The human debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D) locus: sequence and identification of the polymorphic CYP2D6 gene, a related gene, and a pseudogene.

Matsunaga E et al. (1989) The CYP2D gene subfamily: analysis of the molecular basis of the debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase deficiency in DA rats.

Skoda RC et al. (1988) Two mutant alleles of the human cytochrome P-450db1 gene (P450C2D1) associated with genetically deficient metabolism of debrisoquine and other drugs.

Gonzalez FJ et al. (1988) Characterization of the common genetic defect in humans deficient in debrisoquine metabolism.

Gonzalez FJ et al. (1988) Human debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (P450IID1): cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence and assignment of the CYP2D locus to chromosome 22.

Eichelbaum M et al. (1987) Chromosomal assignment of human cytochrome P-450 (debrisoquine/sparteine type) to chromosome 22.

Gonzalez FJ et al. (1987) Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase: characterization of a new P450 gene subfamily, regulation, chromosomal mapping, and molecular analysis of the DA rat polymorphism.

Harmer D et al. (1986) The relationship between the acetylator and the sparteine hydroxylation polymorphisms.

Eichelbaum M et al. (1986) The genetic polymorphism of sparteine metabolism.

Eichelbaum M et al. (1985) Inter-ethnic difference in sparteine oxidation among Ghanaians and Germans.

Distlerath LM et al. (1984) Characterization of a human liver cytochrome P-450 involved in the oxidation of debrisoquine and other drugs by using antibodies raised to the analogous rat enzyme.

Dahl ML et al. (1995) Ultrarapid hydroxylation of debrisoquine in a Swedish population. Analysis of the molecular genetic basis.

Agúndez JA et al. (1995) Prevalence of CYP2D6 gene duplication and its repercussion on the oxidative phenotype in a white population.

Mura C et al. (1993) DNA haplotype dependency of debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase (CYP2D6) expression among extensive metabolisers.

Johansson I et al. (1994) Genetic analysis of the Chinese cytochrome P4502D locus: characterization of variant CYP2D6 genes present in subjects with diminished capacity for debrisoquine hydroxylation.

Bertilsson L et al. (1993) Molecular basis for rational megaprescribing in ultrarapid hydroxylators of debrisoquine.

Gough AC et al. (1993) Localization of the CYP2D gene locus to human chromosome 22q13.1 by polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and linkage analysis.

Nelson DR et al. (1996) P450 superfamily: update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers and nomenclature.

None (1997) Polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes: what is their clinical relevance and why do they exist?

Sachse C et al. (1997) Cytochrome P450 2D6 variants in a Caucasian population: allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences.

McLellan RA et al. (1997) Frequent occurrence of CYP2D6 gene duplication in Saudi Arabians.

Tyndale RF et al. (1997) Genetically deficient CYP2D6 metabolism provides protection against oral opiate dependence.

Mikus G et al. (1998) Relevance of deficient CYP2D6 in opiate dependence.

Lundqvist E et al. (1999) Genetic mechanisms for duplication and multiduplication of the human CYP2D6 gene and methods for detection of duplicated CYP2D6 genes.

Bathum L et al. (1998) Ultrarapid metabolism of sparteine: frequency of alleles with duplicated CYP2D6 genes in a Danish population as determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism and long polymerase chain reaction.

Tateishi T et al. (1999) Analysis of the CYP2D6 gene in relation to dextromethorphan O-demethylation capacity in a Japanese population.

Brown MA et al. (2000) Polymorphisms of the CYP2D6 gene increase susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis.

Payami H et al. (2001) Parkinson's disease, CYP2D6 polymorphism, and age.

Elbaz A et al. (2004) CYP2D6 polymorphism, pesticide exposure, and Parkinson's disease.

Deng Y et al. (2004) Further evidence that interactions between CYP2D6 and pesticide exposure increase risk for Parkinson's disease.

Pilotto A et al. (2009) Effect of a CYP2D6 polymorphism on the efficacy of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer disease.

Schroth W et al. (2009) Association between CYP2D6 polymorphisms and outcomes among women with early stage breast cancer treated with tamoxifen.